บทความ

ชื่อเรื่อง : Paraquat Unacceptable health risks for users

ชื่อผู้แต่ง : Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Germany

เนื้อหาโดยย่อ : 

           This extensive review of the impacts of paraquat, largely from peer-reviewed studies, concludes that the pesticide causes daily suffering to an extremely large number of farmers and workers. Problems resulting from paraquat exposure are found around the world: from the United States to Japan and from Costa Rica to Malaysia. The injuries suffered are debilitating and sometimes fatal. Associated chronic health problems are now being identified. In developing countries in particular, paraquat is widely used under high-risk conditions. Problems of poverty are exacerbated by exposure to hazardous chemicals, as users have no means to protect themselves. Personal protective equipment is not available; it is costly and impossible to wear in hot working conditions. Loss of wages or income from illnesses caused by occupational exposure to pesticides is rarely compensated. While education, training and information are urgently needed to avoid poisonings, the basic problem is the use of high-risk chemicals like paraquat under poor and inappropriate conditions. The report concludes that alternatives are available and their implementation must become a priority, along with a phase out of paraquat.

#Paraquat #พาราควอต #สารกำจัดศัตรูพืช #วัตถุอันตรายทางการเกษตร #สารเคมีอันตรายทางการเกษตร

ชื่อเรื่อง : Assessment of the Levels of Herbicide Residues in Fish Samples from Alau Dam, Maiduguri, Borno, State, Nigeria

ชื่อผู้แต่ง : Joseph Clement Akan …[et al.]

แหล่งที่มา : International Journal of Environmental Chemistry 3 (2) 2019 : 53-58

บทคัดย่อ : 

         The aim of this study is to determine the levels of atrazine, propanil, alachlor, metolachlor, paraquat, propachlor, butachlor and glysophate in the flesh, liver, intestine and gills of Tilapia zilli, Clarias anguillaris, Synodentis budgetti and Heterotis niloticus from Alau Dam The highest total concentrations of all the studied herbicide residues were detected in Tilapia zillii, follow by Clarias anguillaris, while Synodentis budgetti shows the lowest values. The highest concentrations of all the herbicide residues were detected in the liver of Tilapia zilli and Clarias angullaris while Synodentis budgetti shows the lowest value. Also, the flesh and gills of Tilapia zilli was observed to show the highest levels of all the studied herbicides, while Clarias angullaris shows the lowest value. The values observed for herbicide residues were lower than the WHO and FAO set maximum residue limit (MRL) 0.01 mg/kg and the Acceptable Daily Intake value (ADI) of 0.006 mg/kg which is considered safe for consumption as at the time of the present research work. But their presence in the fish samples also cause for concern, therefore, it is important for relevant agencies to be involve in the management of Alau Dam with respect to herbicide residues.  

#Pesticides #herbicide residues #สารกำจัดศัตรูพืช #วัตถุอันตรายทางการเกษตร #สารเคมีอันตรายทางการเกษตร

ชื่อเรื่อง : Pesticide Residues and Health Risk Assessment in Tomatoes and Lettuces from Farms of Metropolitan Region Chile

ชื่อผู้แต่ง : Sebastian Elgueta, Marcela Valenzuela, Marcela Fuentes, Pablo Meza, Juan Pablo Manzur, Shaofeng Liu, Guoqing Zhao and Arturo Correa

แหล่งที่มา : Molecules 25 (2) 2020 : Article 355

บทคัดย่อ : 

           Over the last years, the detection of pesticide residues in the official food surveillance programs of Chile has been increased, mainly in fresh vegetables such as tomatoes and lettuces. The Metropolitana Region of Chile presents the highest detections in the country. The lack of evaluations of toxicological risks in human health have increased uncertainty of the potential effects of pesticides exposures in the Chilean population. This research aims to determinate health risks assessment of pesticide residues associated to tomatoes and lettuces produced in Metropolitana Region. The findings of this study reveal that tomatoes and lettuces cultivated in the MR show more than 50% of samples with one or multiple pesticides residues. From the total samples, 16% were over the Chilean Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs). The main pesticides detected in tomatoes and lettuces were methamidophos, methomyl, difenoconazole, cyprodinil and boscalid. The results obtained using the official data of the Ministry of Health of Chile (MINSAL) compared to the World Health Organization (WHO), describe relevant risks through the Estimated Daily Intakes (EDI), Hazard Quotients (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) for the Chilean population due to high concentrations of methamidophos, methomyl and cyprodinil. More restrictions for the use of methamidophos, methomyl, difenoconazole, cyprodinil and boscalid and effective control programs should be implemented in order to mitigate the impacts on the Chilean population. 

#Pesticides #Pesticide residues #Health risk assessment #สารกำจัดศัตรูพืช #วัตถุอันตรายทางการเกษตร #สารเคมีอันตรายทางการเกษตร

ชื่อเรื่อง : Assessment of Pesticide Residue Content in Polish Agricultural Soils

ชื่อผู้แต่ง : Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga , Bożena Smreczak and Grzegorz Siebielec

แหล่งที่มา : Molecules 25 (3) 2020 : Article 587

บทคัดย่อ : 

           Pesticides belong to a group of xenobiotics harmful to humans and wildlife, whose fate and activity depends on their susceptibility to degradation. Therefore, the monitoring of their residue level in agricultural soils is very important because it provides very valuable information on the actual level of soil contamination and environmental risk resulting from their application. The aim of this study was to evaluate contemporary concentrations of organochlorine (OCPs) and non-chlorinated pesticides (NCPs) in arable soils of Poland as an example of Central and Eastern European countries. The results were assessed in relation to Polish regulations, which are more restrictive compared to those of other European countries. The sampling area covered the territory of arable lands in Poland (216 sampling points). The distribution of sampling points aimed to reflect different geographical districts, conditions of agricultural production, and various soil properties. The collected soil samples were extracted with organic solvents in an accelerated solvent extractor (ASE 2000). The OCPs, including α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, and p,p’DDT, p,p’DDE, and p,p’DDD, were extracted with a hexane/acetone mixture (70:30 v/v) and determined by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-μECD). NCPs included atrazine, carbaryl, and carbofuran were extracted with a dichloromethane/acetone mixture (50:50 v/v), while maneb was extracted by intensive shaking the sample with acetone (1:1 v/v) and ethylenediamine-tertraacetic acid. The NCPs were identified by a dual mass- spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The total content of individual OCPs ranged from 0.61 to 1031.64 µg kg⁻¹, while the NCP concentrations were significantly lower, from 0.01 to 43.92 µg kg⁻¹. DDTs were detected in all soils samples (p,p’DDD (23.60 µg kg⁻¹) > p,p’DDT (18.23 µg kg⁻¹) > p,p’DDE (4.06 µg kg⁻¹), while HCHs were only in 4% of the analyzed samples (β-HCH (339.55 µg kg⁻¹) > α-HCH (96.96 µg kg⁻¹) > γ-HCH (3.04 µg kg⁻¹)), but in higher values than DDTs. Among NCPs, higher concentration was observed for carbaryl (<0.01–28.07 µg kg⁻¹) and atrazine (<0.01–15.85 µg kg⁻¹), while the lower for carbofuran (<0.01–0.54 µg kg⁻¹). Maneb was not detected in analyzed soils. Assessment of the level of soil pollution based on Polish regulations indicated that several percentages of the samples exceeded the criterion for OCPs, such as ∑3DDTs (14 samples; 6.5% of soils) and HCH congeners (α-HCH in one sample; 0.5% of soils), while NCP concentration, such as for atrazine, carbaryl and carbofuran were below the permissible levels or were not detected in the analyzed soils, e.g., maneb. The obtained results indicated that residues of the analyzed pesticides originate from historical agricultural deposition and potentially do not pose a direct threat to human and animal health. The behavior and persistence of pesticides in the soils depend on their properties. Significantly lower NCP concentration in the soils resulted from their lower hydrophobicity and higher susceptibility to leaching into the soil profile. OCPs are characterized by a high half-life time, which affect their significantly higher persistence in soils resulting from affinity to the soil organic phase. 

#Pesticides #Pesticide Residues #DDT/DDE/DDD #สารกำจัดศัตรูพืช #วัตถุอันตรายทางการเกษตร #สารเคมีอันตรายทางการเกษตร